The Ultimate Guide to Non-Verbal & Spatial Reasoning

What is Spatial Reasoning and Why Does It Matter?

Spatial and Non-Verbal Reasoning (NVR) is a test of pure logic and problem-solving. It uses shapes, patterns, and figures to measure a student's analytical ability without relying on language skills. While it is a major, distinct component of the UK's 11+ and ISEE exams, these same underlying skills are essential for success on the Quantitative Reasoning section of the ISEE and for solving novel, complex problems across the SSAT. Mastering these skills gives your child a significant competitive edge by training their brain to see patterns and relationships, a key indicator of academic potential.

All 20+ Non-Verbal Reasoning Question Types

This guide breaks down every question type your child will face. Use it to understand the concepts, then use the Spiral Learning app to achieve mastery through targeted practice.

1. Series / Sequences

A sequence of 4 or 5 shapes is shown; the task is to find the next shape. The key is to identify the rule governing the progression (e.g., rotation, change in shading, movement of elements).

2. Matrices

A grid of shapes (typically 3x3) has one missing square. You must analyse the patterns running horizontally and vertically to determine the missing shape that completes the grid.

3. Pattern Completion

A larger design has a piece missing. The candidate must choose the option that correctly fits into the gap, completing the overall pattern perfectly. This tests visual precision.

4. Analogies (A is to B)

This type uses the format 'A is to B, as C is to D'. Determine the transformation that changes shape A into shape B and apply the exact same transformation to shape C to find D.

5. Odd One Out

A set of five shapes is shown; identify the one that does not fit the rule governing the other four. The best strategy is to find the rule that connects four shapes first.

6. Horizontal & Vertical Codes

A set of shapes is given, each assigned a code (e.g., SY, PX). Decipher the system where each letter represents a feature (e.g., S=Square, Y=Striped) and then apply this code to a new shape.

7. Cubes & Nets

A 2D 'net' is shown; identify which 3D cube can be made by folding it. Pay close attention to the orientation of opposite faces.

8. 3D Rotations

A 3D shape is shown from one angle; identify what it would look like when rotated (e.g., 90 degrees to the right).

9. Hidden Shapes

A simple shape is presented; find it hidden within one of five more complex diagrams. The hidden shape will always be the same size and orientation.

10. Folding & Punching

A piece of paper is shown being folded several times, and then holes are punched through it. Visualize what the paper will look like when fully unfolded.